Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Essay

Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The present research has identified that leadership for the purpose of this paper refers to the managerial process in which the manager of an organization guides, supports, motivates subordinates so the latter can fulfill their duties accordingly to the plan and goal of the organization. In short, it refers to the process of accomplishing organizational goals through others. The researcher states that organization behavior, on the other hand, is about studying the impact of individuals including leaders, groups, and structures on how people behave within organizations. Its roles include promoting organizational performance, organizational development and also the satisfaction and performance of people in the organization. This paper then asserts that leadership is important to promoting organizational effectiveness or organization performance because of the important functions that a leader would do to attain goals and objectives. It is the leader that defines that tasks and how to d o the same through other people in organizations. In doing the same, he would most probably need followers or group of individuals who would have to work with the said leader. It is clear that the leadership must be very if tasks need to be done by people, who would have to influenced, directed and motivated to action. Without a leader who calls the shots, it is hard to see a group moving towards a direction.

How has leadership thinking evolved from traditional 'great man' Essay

How has leadership thinking evolved from traditional 'great man' theories to more contemporary theories of leadership - Essay Example The theories do not pursue a firm sequential pattern, although the models may be grouped by era. Leadership has evolved through eras of the Great Man theory, trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theories and contemporary theories. Great men theory suggests that some people were naturally born leaders. Trait theory looks at the elements that are common among famous leaders. Behavioral theories assert that behaviors are the single most characteristic that makes up a leader. Contingency and situational models uphold that the interaction involving leader’s characteristics and conduct and the situation at hand make the leader. Other contemporary theories focus on interpersonal elements that look at followership (Ballus, 2010, para 5). Great man theories/ Trait theories Trait theory was one of the systematic attempts to study leadership in the early 20th century. In the approach, traits of great leaders such as Winston Churchill were studies to determine what makes great lea ders. The theories developed were referred to as ‘great man’ theories as they focused on spotting the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by political, social and military leaders. Prominent leaders’ traits greatly contribute to the trait theory such as Mahatma Gandhi, Bonaparte napoleon and Abraham Lincoln. It was widely believed that people intuitive with these qualities and that simply the â€Å"great† people have them. Some of the traits put forward are such as intelligence, alertness, responsibility, insight, self confidence, sociability, motivation, persistence, initiative, tolerance, cooperativeness and drive. Others are such as cognitive abilities, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and social and emotional intelligence. In the mid 20th century, the trait theory of leadership was questioned on the basis of universality of leadership traits. It was held that no consistent set of traits differentiated leaders from non-leaders i n an assortment of situations. A person with leadership traits in one circumstance may not be a leader in another situation (Daft, 2008, p 22). Behavioral theories The limited ability of traits to forecast effective leadership led researchers to review a person’s behavior rather than personal traits as a means of increasing leadership effectiveness. Behavioral theories proponents believed that leaders may well be identified by what they do rather than what they have. Certain behaviors such as the degree of flexibility, extent of control, concern for task accomplishment and concern for the followers determine the kind of leadership to exercise. For instance, McGregor held that leaders treat subordinates depending on the postulations they hold with regard to what energizes workers. In his theory X, McGregor presents a pessimistic view of workers whilst theory Y presents a fairly optimistic view of human nature. Leaders who subscribe to theory X consider that workers need to be controlled and threatened to make them work, which results in adoption of an autocratic style of leadership. Theory Y style of a leader believes that workers are rational people who consider work as part of everyday life. As such, the leader uses a participative/democratic style of leadership. Leader attributes in behavioral theories morphed from inherent to particular and teachable. Apparently, leadership styles could be learned as behavioral theorists created training programs. Behavioral theor

Sociological Theories Essay Example for Free

Sociological Theories Essay Mills was able to shift his focus to examine how people influence others based on external social forces that shape personal experiences. Mill’s definition of the sociological imagination allowed for the ability for others to see the impact of social forces on individual’s private and public affiliations. Through Mill’s establishment of the sociological imagination, a perspective on religion could then be observed through viewing religious institutions as merely a product of social foundations (Dandaneau, 146). In Steven P. Dandaneau’s book, Taking it Big, Developing Sociological Consciousness in Postmodern Times, the analysis of chapter seven entitled, Religion and Society- Of Gods and Demons, created an assessment which viewed the nature of religion as a social institution. The arrangement of religion within a society creates a structural analysis of patterns and beliefs that are replicated through the development of social establishments and are maintained within a society by linking social institutions directly to a religious belief. †¦Structural analysis, that is, systematic thinking about how patterns of life and belief are reproduced across time and space such that social institutions- composed of roles, positions, groups, norms, values, and rituals- are created and maintained, thereby building and rebuilding society†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dandaneau, 145). Therefore, we can conclude that social institutions help to formulate the individual within society by establishing the roles endorsed through the institutional framework. As an outcome, institutions and the individuals within it, consequently determine the structure of a society through using religion as a collective social enterprise (Dandaneau, 146). This establishment of social enterprise requires unique customs and practices in order to maintain social cohesiveness within a specific religious institute. Each religious society is then able to formulate distinct internal divisions that allow for individuals to develop a sociological imagination within a religious society (Dandaneau, 148). Through a historical context, religion has always been a product of human existence. Various religious institutions practiced today are an outcome of recent history after the shift away from Aminism. The transformations within the human consciousness arose as a result from the combination of urbanization and modernity. Through a more urbanized and contemporary society, the growth of the human population was abundant and inevitable. As a result, religion was then used as a form of material comfort for a new, emerging, and suffering population evolving within human history (Dandaneau, 150). Religion prevails today amongst people within a particular culture because of the ability for religions to reproduce themselves based on adaptations made from the establishment of modernization (Dandaneau, 150). However, the use of religion as a means of social change does not necessarily enhance or diminish societal modifications within a structured society. The sociological imagination was an outcome presented by religion partially because of the impact of sciences and nature within the development of the scientific revolution. These imagined responses are understandable, at least on sociological grounds, because never before had humans been so influenced by the scientific revolution. † (Dandaneau, 157). This skepticism of religion was a contributor to the initial expansion of the sociological imagination presented by Mills. Through the use of the sociological imagination today, a dystopian and dying world is presented. For Mills, religion had lost its sacred substance and it s ability to inspire current members. As an outcome of this, Mills offered the â€Å"immanent critique,† which is the involvement of a group’s own principles against them, and the inspiration for them to have their own individualized ideas. â€Å"Immanent critique†¦entails using a group’s own principles against them and encouraging them to live up to their own cherished ideals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dandaneau, 159). In conclusion, through the sociological imagination, Mill’s is able to determine the structure, history, and the society that prevails within a religious union. The meaning of religion within a communal setting is bound by social experiences. Despite Mill’s views that the world is dystopian and dying, he summarizes the sociological imagination is evidently an insufficient form of comfort; and that these devout experiences create a critical aspect in religious self-development through both an individual and a community perspective. â€Å"†¦Religions status and meaning for today’s world†¦is a subject that requires the sociological imagination because the sociological imagination is located at the crossroads of social structure, history, and biography. (Dandaneau, 156). In Steven P. Dandaneau’s account in chapter nine, The End of History, he analyzes an outlook presented to emphasize that our history is simply the reality in which we live in. This present reality is defined by former historical events that have contributed to creating and institutionalizing an objective and collective memory of the past. Through his concept of the sociological imagination, he demonstrates his conviction that history and biography should be linked together rather than seperated. In relation to Mill’s theory, the whole purpose of developing the sociological imagination is to simplify involvement in history making, not of history coming to an end. Through the expansion of social structure created by the sociological imagination, the media’s portrayal of historical events impacts the expansion of social change though changing perceptions within the lives of the individual. Through the changes in perception within the lives of an individual, as stated by Mills, we create â€Å"intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the historical level of reality. (Dandaneau, 198). Therefore, the sociological imagination cannot be reenacted through mere simulations or second hand accounts of individual experiences because of the failure to confront present humanity. In order to understand the structure of a particular society in history, we must understand the demise of the sociological imagination and how it is applied to existing histo rical accounts. Through the introduction of the industrial revolution and modernity came the introduction of time and space that was initially introduced as â€Å"clock time†(Dandaneau, 200). This mechanical means of measuring passing moments was incorporated into all social life within industrial society. â€Å"With the industrial revolution came â€Å"clock time,† which is rooted in a mechanical means of measuring passing moments and that was used to regiment work and, indeed, all social life† (Dandaneau, 200). Through this idea, the perception of time and space is historically and socially structured through being a product of culture. Through time and space in relation to history, together they represent primary media through which societies can then be regulated. â€Å"Time and space are socially organized and culturally conceived, and they represent primary media through which societies are integrated and regulated. † Through the use of history, human beings have been able to document societal structures based on the idea of learning and understanding past historical events. Through this, individuals can assume that history is continual and it affects all members within a society. As a result of absent facts about history, Mill’s finds that our society has no direction to our immediate history or current historical situations (Dandaneau, 216). This is problematic because with the end of history, â€Å"it is difficult to develop a sociological imagination within a single self-consciousness† (Dandaneau, 218). Consequently though, there are varieties of people who prevail despite the idea of the ending of history. Minority groups have a strong interest in history because they are engaged in a constant struggle for equality. Due to injustices and inequalities, minority groups look back on their history of struggles to determine solutions and to find courage to fight for individualism (Dandaneau, 219). Social and political change can be made possible through the possession of the sociological imagination through an analysis of history. Without this analysis, history will end. Unfortunately, because of inaccurate portrayals of history presented through social media, the end of history faces unpredictable challenges because our society’s institutions are both the solution and the root of postmodern societal problems. It is up to the individual who possesses the sociological imagination to make the realization that postmodern culture is merely a developed hyper reality created through the inaccurate depictions of our human history. â€Å"Through ideological distortion and as a result of its inflection through the mass media, â€Å"history† is today on life support†¦it is the task of the possessor of the sociological imagination to act as if his or her exaggeration is not yet true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dandaneau, 222). In conclusion, this chapter emphasizes the necessity for access to â€Å"real historiography (reason) and the means to participate in radical social change (freedom)† rather than inaccurate representations of history through the media and other social institutions. Mill’s sociological imagination allowed him to look at history as a continuing process in order to reach the full understanding of society. Consequently, individuals within our postmodern society fail to intersect with the problem to end history because of the inability to change social institutions. As a result of this, the structure of human history is distorted through mass media. This makes the task of positioning ourselves within current history difficult because of the misrepresented comprehension about our past. â€Å"†¦The problem of the degradation of the public sphere intersects with the problem of the end of history because without a space in which to act toward and fundamentally change postmodern social institutions, a democratic history cannot be effected† (Dandaneau, 223). In chapter ten, Sociology without Society, Steven P. Dandaneau begins by reflecting that the impact of working against the sociological imagination exists for more reasons besides the degradation of public life and the loss of history. He states that â€Å"within sociology itself† (Dandaneau, 225) the sociological imagination follows the complex relationship between altering social structures and frequent individual occurrences within structured social institutions. So what exactly does this mean? The arrangement of sociology without scrutinizes that are derived from collective life and the self-consciousness of others within everyday life ends in the development of sociology without society. Sociology (according to Dandaneau’s accounts from Alan Wolfe) studies the moral basis of society; when according to his opinion, â€Å"Sociology should be a study of people as they interact and relate with other people,† and sociologists fail in this obligation to study people’s complex and morally dependent relationships with others (Dandaneau, 226). This idea of sociology without society is made even more prevalent through the works of Mill’s sociological imagination. Despite Mill’s evident transference of emotions through conveying an understanding of a society, Mills spent little time actively engaged with actual members (Dandaneau, 226). This view of society, the practice of the sociological imagination to create a civil society is â€Å"The product of a sociological perspective that attends primarily to the workings of the modern state and the capitalist market or the integration of both systems working together† (Dandaneau, 227). In postmodern times however, a civil society is thought to be maintained through moral rules learned from childhood experiences carried into adulthood (Dandaneau, 228). The sociological imagination is threatened today by any effort to suppress its pragmatic background (Dandaneau, 229). Ignoring the pragmatic background denies the importance of society itself; thus, the practice of a sociologically meaningful story derived from an accurate historical event is dowsed with the awareness of practicing sociology without society. Through this idea, Mills created a portrait of people that he describes through interactions between people within specific social settings. â€Å"He (Mills) focused attention on the relationship between these individual lives and the changing structure of American capitalist society-its class system, technological shifts, racial segregation, and the social policies that have affected all of these† (Dandaneau, 235). This type of society, and the various types of people in it, can be understood if the type of the social problem is identified. This could create a reconstruction of our social system, â€Å"†¦we stand a chance of restructuring our social systems in such a way as to eliminate the problem as it is experienced in civil society† (Dandaneau, 235). If social problems are derived from social institutions, and people have the ability to form moral bonds with others for civil societies, then it can be concluded that individuals who possess a sociological imagination have the ability for structural change. Even though Mills practiced sociology without society, he deemed it possible to retain a strong connection to people despite the lack of an empirical connection. As emphasized from a passage in chapter ten, â€Å"The possessor of the sociological imagination is as much concerned with ideas as facts; the trick is to bring them into a meaningful relation to one another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dandaneau, 239). Through the possession of a sociological imagination, the division of sociological labor provides a historical totality of social and cultural experiences (Dandaneau, 239). The sociological imagination also is a form of self-consciousness that displays the complexities of the world through conceptualization. Mill’s final assertion is that civil society has â€Å"not disappeared altogether† (Dandaneau, 240) and that people must be understood for existing as moral agents, and social beings with moral rules and obligations. In closing, three questions regarding structure, human history, and varieties of people within it, are all parts of Mill’s perspective within the sociological imagination.

Hunters in the Snow by Tobias Wolff :: Tobias Wolff

Is society too egotistical? In Hunters in the Snow, Tobias Wolfe gives an illustration of the selfishness and self-centeredness of humankind through the actions of his characters. The story opens up with three friends going on their habitual hunting routine; their names are Frank, Kenny, and Tub. In the course of the story, there are several moments of tension and arguments that, in essence, exposes the faults of each man: they are all narcissistic. Through his writing in Hunters in the Snow, Wolfe is conveying that the ultimate fault of mankind is egotism and the lack of consideration given to others. For the duration of the story, there are several occurrences which exemplify insensitive as well as self-important mind-sets. Kenny, for instance, does not care about others around him; he is exceedingly self-absorbed. In one part, for instance, he jokingly yet dangerously runs Tub off the road with his vehicle. By doing so, Kenny is showing a careless side; a side that is neither concerned about hurting others nor himself. In his view, his entertainment comes before anything else; hence, injuring Tub was never a consideration. In addition, he also mercilessly taunts Tub about his weight when Kenny knows that it is both a touchy and upsetting subject matter for Tub. Frank, too, is also very self-centered since he is willing to leave his wife for their fifteen year old babysitter, who is barely half-way done with high school. The third main character, Tub, is also quite narcissistic because he becomes immensely defensive when it comes to his weight since he allows Kenny’s mock to offend him; therefore, Tub is egotistical given that he is fixated with his image. As the story, Hunters in the Snow, progresses, the egotistical behaviors of the characters become even more apparent given the lack of sympathy when Kenny is gravely injured. Both Tub and Frank, for example, do not react as most friends would; as moral and compassionate friends would. Surprisingly, Tub, the individual who shoots Kenny in self-defense, shows neither guilt nor regret for his action as he watches his hunting companion collapse in pain. Tub as well as Frank pays no heed to Kenny’s distress as he lies in excruciating pain; basically, neither man shows a degree of remorse for their friend’s pain. For instance, both men are in no rush to transport Kenny to the hospital since they decide to stop at a tavern to get warm and leave Kenny in the truck in utter anguish.

American History Paper

There is near consensus that the polarization of the United States, into South and North, which eventually lead to the American Civil War was caused by slavery (Hutchison, 2003). The argument that has taken currency on this issue is that the Southerners were fighting for the perpetuation of slavery while the Northerners had taken the moral high ground of ending it. However, the two respective stands taken by these two groups smacks of self-centeredness (Hutchison, 2003).First, the Southern States were using the equality of all citizen in the United States as a scapegoat to support the continuation of slavery because their economic prosperity was dependent on slavery while their northern compatriots supported its abolition not because they did not benefit economically from it but because they never wanted the Southerners to share in those benefits emanating from slavery, that is why they used the excuse of criminalizing any expansion on slavery in the territories that had been acquire d from Mexico while not including their territory (North) in that abolition.Because of this discord between these two regions a number of compromises were brokered the most popular being the 1850 compromise. However, there reached a time when not even the 1850 compromise could hold on, that is when the union eventually broke asunder. Now that the 1850 compromise had failed to contain the South and the North territories from engaging in the debate on slavery, another solution had to be sort in order to reduce hostility between these two territories. This is how the Kansas-Nebraska bill came to being.Therefore the Kansas-Nebraska bill can be looked on as another compromise brokered after the failure of a previous compromise (1850 compromise). Why the Kansas-Nebraska bill succeeded for some time where the 1850 compromise failed was because while it kind of tried to end slavery in the Southern as was being propagated by the Northerners the Kansas-Nebraska bill gave the Southerners a say in making that decision which they exercised by voting for the continuation of slavery in their territory which was against the wishes of the northerners (WikiAnswers, 2009).By giving the Southerners the power to solely decide on this explosive matter of slavery, this bill declared the 1850 compromise null and void thereby watering down the advances that had been made by the 1850 compromise in ending slavery which even president Abraham Lincoln conceded was an evil enterprise. It should also be noted that the compromise of 1850 was reached by the representative of the Southern and Northern States while Kansas-Nebraska bill though passed by congress which is another representative assembly gave people from the respective regions the sovereign power to decide on the right to own slave.Another important point to note about the two is that they were both premised on the need to bring peaceful coexistence between the two territories in a larger union although both only succeeded in furt her dividing them (Hutchison, 2003). It can also be argued that by giving the two territories the power to vote separately on this issue of slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska bill made any effort at unity futile. That is why the Southerners found no fault in the bill while the Northerners were extremely outraged by it content.The 1850 compromise just like a number of compromises that had been struck prior to it had succeeded in maintaining a semblance of peaceful coexistence although there was inner rage which was building in each of the territories which is why eventually both territories decided enough is enough and maintenance of the status quo became untenable (Hutchison, 2003). First, the 1850 compromise was unable to address exhaustively the issue of slavery which was the explosive issue that was the subject of the discontentment from both sides.This was because it created an environment of suspicion on both territories each not sure whether their demand had been met by the compromi se. For instance, the Southerners after years of being treated as second class citizen by their Northern compatriot believed that the 1850 compromised was a perpetuation of that bigotry while the Northerners who all through had been used to dictating terms to their Southern compatriots did not see a reflection of that superiority in the 1850 compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska bill on the other hand might have made a mark in enhancing the equality of people from both territories.However it neither anticipated nor addressed the resistance that the Northerners would have most definitely put against any effort towards equalizing them with the southern compatriots whom they had all through considered inferior when it came to the enjoyment of rights. Being a product of legislation from a representative assembly, the Kansas-Nebraska bill was a democratic instrument unlike the 1850 compromise that was just a product of the deliberation of a skewed representation forum which is probably why it was viewed by the Southerners with suspicion.This bills also failed to the test of pragmatism in that it failed to appreciate the fact that the Southerner would obviously vote for slavery which was increasing being viewed as an infringement of the people’s right (slaves), this is one of the reason why it did not hold water for much longer despite the fact that it gave people from both territory a right to influence decisions at the national level.References Hutchison, E. Craig, (2003). The civil war: Why? – Compare and Contrast. Retrieved 23 July 2010 from

Batman Vs. Superman Dawn Of Justice - 932 Words

Is there too many superhero movies out there in the genre already from DC and Marvel? Well, it killed it in the coming years, or well it thrived under the pressure. There re many movies coming out soon of the superhero genre. In 2016, going to be about seven movies of superheroes in 2016. Which Including in order Deadpool February 12th (fox), Batman vs Superman dawn of justice March 25th, Captain America: Civil War May 6th, we got X-Men apocalypse (fox) May 27th, August 5th Suicide Squad, October seven Gambit (fox), and finally, but not least November 4th Dr. Strange. A kiloton of movies coming out in the following years, but well it hurt the popularity of superhero genre there or not. I think, it will hurt them eventually if they do more movies because they are so many movies previously out there it could happen in many ways they might not make much money where they are spending a specific sum of cash that might not make a possible profit which become a great bust like Fantastic Four (2015). The studio is previously spending six to seven figures hoping all these movies are a great hit. Another overhaul that the studio s needs to investigate int o superhero movies doing a more accurate story to the book, or something. The accurate story I mean by is you write an excellent script with pleasant characters with a good plot but with excellent character development, including excellent choices on the actors choose, because it s tough to sell the following movie after that. AnShow MoreRelatedBatman Vs Superman Heros Journey1583 Words   |  7 Pagesjourney, the rest goes accordingly: meets mentors, enters katabasis, object is found, returns home. This cycle portrays the whole plotline of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. This film follows second to Man of Steel. It’s summery brings Batman, Bruce Wayne, to reconcile with the dilemmas from Superman in Man of Steel. Who like Lex Luther, ultimately wants Superman, Clark Kent, rid of earth. Before, in Man of Steel Clark defeats General Zod, this battle destroys the city where Bruce is watching the fightRead MoreDc Marvel : Dc Comics1066 Words   |  5 PagesDC vs Marvel There’s an age old battle amongst us â€Å"nerds† over who is better in the comic book world, DC Comics or Marvel Comics? Everyone has their own opinions on who has the better stories and characters, and which comes out with the better movies and shows, but when you break it down each one has different qualities that make it better. Marvel and DC are the most well-known comic creators in the world. These companies kick-started the superhero/supervillain franchise. Marvel comics was foundedRead MoreRepresentation Of Women By Bryan Singers1509 Words   |  7 Pagesabove, made by Prater (2012) is backed up by Hulshof-Schmidt (2008) who talks about the comic book story in the Batman universe. The story he (Hulsof-Schmidt, 2008) talks about revolves around Batmans female sidekick, Batgirl/Barbara Gordon. After facing off with the Batman villain the Joker, Barbara gets shot in the back, leaving her paralysed, she then becomes an intelligence aid for Batman. This storyline w as put in a Video Game, 2009’s Arkham Asylum, however like Prater stated, the fans view thisRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesa decade however, that same American Film industry was beleaguered, defensive, and trembling for its mere survival. The end of the great studios In 1938 the government filed a suit with the supreme court—â€Å"The United States vs. Paramount Pictures Inc.†, known as The Paramount Case. The suit contented that the major studios held an unfair advantage in that they controlled production, distribution, and exhibition of films through the ownership of their theater chainsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesJuggernaut Starbucks: A Paragon of Growth and Employee Benefits Finds Storms Boston Beer: Is Greater Growth Possible? 29 46 PART II MARKETING WARS 61 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Cola Wars: Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi PC Wars: Hewlett-Packard vs. Dell Airliner Wars: Boeing vs. Airbus; and Recent Outsourcing Woes 63 86 PART III COMEBACKS Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 McDonald’s: Rebirth Through Moderation Harley-Davidson: Creating An Enduring Mystique Continental Airlines:

Water Pollution in India - 2920 Words

In a house that was near the Ganges River, there lived a wealthy family that was doing their chores. This family included a mother, father, and a boy. The boy in this family was named â€Å"Chaitanya† meaning â€Å"consciousness† in English. While Chaitanya was doing his daily chores that day, his mother came over and asked him if he was willing to do an extra chore for her. This chore was washing clothes in the Ganges River. Chaitanya told her that he was happy to do that for her. His mother gave him the clothes that she wanted him to wash and then went straight down to the Ganges River. He looked at the filthy water with a disgusted look on his face and then told himself that he was not going to wash his family’s clothes in this water. Pollution†¦show more content†¦In the end, this radio program could be helpful since a lot of people in India are poor, but they still have access to radios. The Indian Government will then try to increase the awareness and understanding of the connection between human and the environment (Government of India, http://india.gov.in). Another thing that the Indian Government is introducing is environmental education for school children. They have done this by introducing a program for schools that is all about sanitation and hygiene. This includes hand washing, infrastructure to clean water, and washing storage (Government of India, http://www.ceeindia.org). To teach these children, they have made a cartoon book and an activity manual for teachers. The cartoon book and teacher’s manual is mainly for primary school students and teaches sanitation and personal hygiene. Since they are doing this, the possibility of the water pollution levels of their country would possibly be lower (Government of India, http://www.ceeindia.org). Lack of education in India is not the only reason why water pollution rates are very high there. 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