Water Pollution in India - 2920 Words

In a house that was near the Ganges River, there lived a wealthy family that was doing their chores. This family included a mother, father, and a boy. The boy in this family was named â€Å"Chaitanya† meaning â€Å"consciousness† in English. While Chaitanya was doing his daily chores that day, his mother came over and asked him if he was willing to do an extra chore for her. This chore was washing clothes in the Ganges River. Chaitanya told her that he was happy to do that for her. His mother gave him the clothes that she wanted him to wash and then went straight down to the Ganges River. He looked at the filthy water with a disgusted look on his face and then told himself that he was not going to wash his family’s clothes in this water. Pollution†¦show more content†¦In the end, this radio program could be helpful since a lot of people in India are poor, but they still have access to radios. The Indian Government will then try to increase the awareness and understanding of the connection between human and the environment (Government of India, http://india.gov.in). Another thing that the Indian Government is introducing is environmental education for school children. They have done this by introducing a program for schools that is all about sanitation and hygiene. This includes hand washing, infrastructure to clean water, and washing storage (Government of India, http://www.ceeindia.org). To teach these children, they have made a cartoon book and an activity manual for teachers. The cartoon book and teacher’s manual is mainly for primary school students and teaches sanitation and personal hygiene. Since they are doing this, the possibility of the water pollution levels of their country would possibly be lower (Government of India, http://www.ceeindia.org). Lack of education in India is not the only reason why water pollution rates are very high there. In addition to that, the way the government spends money is another reason why water pollution levels are so high. This is because they are not spending enough of their money on things that are necessary to improve their citizen’s lives. The Indian Government currently only spends about 3.4% of their moneyShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation in India1001 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation Explosion in India The Factors and Effects of Population Explosion in India, and Steps to Control Population There are many factors contributing in the population explosion in India, and the increased population has led to many others consequences. Anyhow, steps are taken by the government of India to control this predicament. First and foremost, the high birth rate in India is the main root of the overpopulation. The high fertility rate is due to the impecunious of the country.Read MoreA Brief Note On Water Scarcity Of India1413 Words   |  6 Pagesinquiry Water scarcity in India Flora Leung What is water scarcity? Water scarcity is the phenomenon describing the lack of water sources or the lack of access to safe and clean water. Water scarcity is happening all over the world. Nearly 1 billion people in the world were suffering from it. In the world Asia is one of the continents, which is serious suffering from water scarcity. The countries that are facing serious water scarcity in Asia are concentrated in South Asia and India is one ofRead MoreRole Of Judiciary : Court s Guidelines1488 Words   |  6 Pagesin 1972, India has been an active participant in every such conference and has passed numerous environmental laws relating to environmental protection. International environmental law has deep foundations in these laws and India has not only ratified many UN conventions, but the judiciary has actively implemented them on its own accord in the many landmark judgement, as far back as the 1980. India also has a burgeoning NGO community which is deeply resourceful and committed to making India an environmentallyRead MoreThe Conservation, Protection And Improvement Of Human Environment936 Words   |  4 Pageslegislations on environmental safety in India but their enforcement has been too distant from satisfactory. There is must use for the effective and efficient enforcement of the Constitutional mandate and another environmental legislations. The creative role of judiciary has been significant and commendable. harmonious to the Constitutional provisions contained in Articles 48A and 51A(h), many Public Interest Litigations have been instituted in the Supreme Court of India against many industries for failingRead MoreThe Ganges River : Indias Ancient Culture And Civilization1315 Words   |  6 Pagestaking a dip into the water of the Ganges will purify their souls from all committed sins in the past, so they can go to heaven. The Ganges River flows from the top of the southern side of the Himalayas in the state of Uttarakhand. In the article, â€Å"Ganges River,† the author Jay Yett says, â€Å"The Ganges River flows about 2,500 kilometers across the Gangetic Plain and through a coastal delta in Bangladesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal.† Not only does it provide water to India, but also to BangladeshRead MoreWater Wars : Privatization, Pollution, And Profit1276 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution, and Profit† were written by Vandana Shiva, depicting the water issues currently in India and how its shortage may cause a war in the future. He r book is really informative and descriptive to present what water practice in comparison to how they have been used. Shiva also expresses how those problems, which collaborated to methods and process throughout the world in general, specifically in India, as well as on an international level. She uses different involvedRead MoreFarming Methods And Food Crisis Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesnegatively affects the environment for instance, through pollution; water and air pollution (Guerci, et al 2013). In order to stop these negative influences farming methods bring on the environment, farmers should innovate new methods of farming that are environmental friendly, for instance; community garden, village farming, and vertical farming.Africa and India have vast regions for farming and the two countries have different farming methods. In India, there are two main methods of farming used whichRead MoreFormula For Success : Rise Early, Work Hard, Strike Oil ( J. Paul Getty ) Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment. In addition, consumers are experiencing a significant amount of profit due to the overwhelming supplies of oil, thus, the revolution in new technology is triggering an improper fracking system. This concept centrals to airborne pollution and water contamination. Higher authorities should highly implement the concepts of sustainability and ethical views to large corporation and business to protect the consumer’s safety. Political Views Oil suppliers digging deep down to the roots toRead MoreThe Ganges River Of India951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ganges River in India is an important river system that provides water for personal use, industry, and agriculture for well over half a million people. This river also serves a major role in the region’s cultural and religious practices. It is widely believed that this body of water is the Earthly manifestation of the Hindu goddess Ganga. For thousands of years, people have believed that Ganga can wash away a lifetime of sins and, therefore, no amount of pollution can harm her (Conway). As aRead MoreA Brief Note On Germ Free Water And The Ganges River1512 Words   |  7 Pagesriver flows through China, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Ganges river basin is one of the most fertile and densely populated in the world and covers an area of 400 000 sq miles (1 000 000 sq km). Hindus respect the Ganges river with the holiest of regards. This holy river was named after the goddess Ganga, who is believed to be the daughter of the mountain god Himalaya. now, think about all the people in those towns and just how many of them have to drink this â€Å"holy† water. the ganges is home to the

Shakespeares Presentation of the Relationship between...

Shakespeares Presentation of the Relationship between Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ is set on a small island between Tunis and Naples. The play is initially based around Prospero; once Duke of Milan, a loving father to Miranda and inhabitant of the island for the past twelve years, after being usurped by his scheming brother Antonio. When exploring the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, a ‘whelp hag-born’ living on the island when Prospero and Miranda first arrive, we must consider a number of aspects of Prospero and Caliban’s relationship. It is important to look at the following points; Prospero’s treatment of Caliban when first arriving on the island†¦show more content†¦Caliban admits to attempting rape on Miranda and states he would have ‘peopled else this isle with Caliban’s’. It is in this scene we learn how Caliban attempted to ‘violate’ Miranda and in return, he is now enslaved to Prospero completing menial tasks around the island. It is also clear to see that Caliban has a desperate need to be acknowledged. When we first meet Caliban in Act 1 Scene 2, he not only curses Prospero but bickers with Miranda also. It is because of these two characters that we see Caliban’s struggle for acknowledgement at the beginning of that play. As the production progresses however, it becomes apparent that Caliban also seeks-and to some extent finds-acknowledgement from Trinculo and Stephano. I feel he discovers this when he is able to lead them around the island and take command. We see a role reversal for Caliban during Act 3 Scene 2, as it is he who now leads Trinculo and Stephano. However, it is possible to see that Caliban follows Trinculo and Stephano under the influence of alcohol. Whilst resisting and resenting Prospero’s enslavement of him, he is influenced into believing Stephano to be his ‘noble lord’. We see Caliban’s self-abasement in his admiration of Trinculo and Stephano and from line 88 we see Caliban’s plan to ‘seize his [Prospero] books, batter his skull and paunch him with aShow MoreRelatedWorld Events Influencing Shakespeare ¨s The Tempest Essay example1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthe â€Å"golden age† of poetry, music and literature. It was in the midst of European exploration that Shakespeare wrote, The Tempest. It would be safe to suggest that many of the worldly events during this time, such as the shipwreck of Sea Venture, global colonization, and the works of Michel de Montaigne, had prodigious influences on Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest. The Tempest starts aboard a ship in the middle of the sea caught in a violent hurricane. Members of the audience can hear Gonzola shoutRead More Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesThe Tempest, considered by many to be Shakespeare’s farewell to the theatre, has of all his plays the most remarkable interpretive richness. The exceptional flexibility of Shakespeare’s stage is given particular prominence in The Tempest due to its originality and analytic potential, in particular in the presentation of one of his most renowned and disputed characters, Caliban. Superficially portrayed in the play as a most detestable monster, Caliban does not evoke much sympathy. However, on furtherRead More Exploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempest1647 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempest In The Tempest, power manifests itself in many different forms. Three of the main types of power that Shakespeare explores are the power of love, the power of magic and illusion and the power of a master over his slave. He presents these forms of power in a number of ways. In The Tempest Prospero appears to hold the majority of the power. He maintains his control over other characters inRead MoreThe Tempest And Ceasire s Play A Tempest2170 Words   |  9 Pagespaper Racism defined in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest and Ceasire’s play A Tempest ​Cesarie s version of Shakespeare play The Tempest is a postcolonial response that focuses on the point of view of the enslaved characters Ariel and Caliban. Cesarie emphasizes the racial significant that leads to colonial politics. In cesarie s version the tension between prospero and Caliban are more evident. Caliban is more vocal about his hate for Prospero and is quite aggressive in expressingRead MoreThe Selfish Act Of Colonialism : A Nascent Of English Colonialism1741 Words   |  7 PagesOn answering the question, â€Å"To what extent is The Tempest â€Å"about† nascent English colonial?† I would say that this Shakespearean play is completely a nascent of English colonialism, because it’s plot is based around colonialism. The story describes white men inhabiting an island and proceed to fight for control, without any input by the natives. What makes this a story specifically about nascent English colonialism is the alluding fact that humans are pow er hungry, which will prove to be true withinRead MoreThe Wanderer And The Tempest Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesThere is a clear divide – influenced by changing attitudes towards religion and scientific, rational thinking – between those who view fate as a force that is uncontrollable and immutable, and those who believe it is within man’s grasp to manipulate and impose. This divide is demonstrated through the differences between the Old English poem The Wanderer and Shakespeare’s play The Tempest; two literary texts set within distinct contextual periods of thought that dissimilarly treat the concept of fateRead MoreHow Shakespeare Presents the Falling in Love of Ferdinand and Miranda1246 Words   |  5 PagesHow Shakespeare Presents the Falling in Love of Ferdinand and Miranda The concept of the relationship between Miranda and Ferdinand is one of the fundamental aspects of the play. In relation to the plot itself, the eventual idea that the pair will eventually end up together is part of Prosperos big plan, as it were. Shakespeare not only presents their falling in love and relationship as an important part of the make up of his play, but also uses the two characters to Read MoreEssay on Prospero in William Shakespeares The Tempest2266 Words   |  10 PagesProspero in William Shakespeares The Tempest In act 1 we learn that Prospero is a very complex character with many different aspects to his presentation. The first and probably the most obvious aspect to his character is that of the magician. Some critics argue that the 4 main characters on the Island can be said to represent different attributes to humanity: Caliban represents instinct, Miranda represents love, Ariel represents spirit and Prospero represents power

Should countries encourage tourism free essay sample

Nowadays, it is almost a routine, that people every year go to holidays. Often they travel to the places abroad, and also it should be mentioned, that these places are in most cases popular and well-known. In sprite of the fact that these places are popular, the countries still promote them and want more people to come. This occurs on the grounds that tourism is very important for the economy of â€Å"host† country but not in all cases for the citizens. As the result, there are several advantages and disadvantages for countries that encourage tourism. To begin with, the benefits of the tourism cannot be denied. Firstly, tourism leads to the development of the country’s infrastructure. The desire to attract tourists to a certain area often encourages governments to improve local facilities which is beneficial for both, citizens and tourists. On the other hand, the development of the country must be somehow controlled and planned in such a way, it does not destroy the natural beauty of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Should countries encourage tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously, the main problem of tourism resides in over-development, that leads to ugly, crowded tourist spots and the environmental damage. Consequently, the development is necessary, nevertheless, it has to be done thoughtfully. Secondly, tourism has some positive and negative effects on a country’s economy. Many people claim that tourism is an important source of income, which is convenient for all the countries, especially for the poor ones, but also for others that do not have other industries to develop. This is illustrated by the fact that many tourists spend a lot of money on different tourist services, such as carriage of baggage, hotel accommodation and other. Nonetheless, country’s economy may become so dependent on tourism that it is weakened and when something unexpected happens, for example a natural disaster, that tourist do not arrive for a long time, owing to the fact that the country may be helpless due to the lack of the financial resources. Taking everything into consideration, it seems to me that tourism is a very important field in economy, furthermore, the question of tourism is quite many-sided, so the best solution, in my view, is to use and develop positive sides and to make more policy on the negative sides, especially on the environmental damage.

The Innovators Of American Literature Essay Example For Students

The Innovators Of American Literature Essay From their critical assessments on how to improve themselves and to the American public that they influenced by their writings, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin illustrate American themes in their personal narratives that quintessentially make part of American Literature. Although they lived in different times during the early development of the United States of America and wrote for different purposes, they share common themes. Their influence by their environment, individualism, proposals for a better society, and events that affected their society generate from their writings. By analyzing Jonathan Edwards Personal Narrative, Resolutions, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, and selections from Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin found in The Heath Anthology of American Literature: Third Edition Volume One edited by Paul Lauter, the fundamental themes in American literature are evident and their individual ideas are distinctive. These personal narratives reveal the influences of their environment that gave them epiphanies to their closer perfection of themselves. Jonathan Edwards Personal Narrative shows his journey towards a closer relationship to God. His family was followers of the Congregationalist Church, and from early childhood, he followed a Christian life (Lauter 569). In the beginning of his autobiography, Personal Narrative, he says I had a variety of concerns and exercise about my soul from my childhood; but had two more remarkable seasons of awakening, before I met with that change, by which I was brought to those new dispositions, and that new sense of things, that I have had (Lauter 581). Edwards endures a rite of passage, which brings him closer to God. These epiphanies assisted on his assessment of becoming a better man in the eyes of God and minister to his community. Benjamin Franklin did not hold his family beliefs of Christianity, but from his early environment, he drew his relationship to God as a Deist. Franklin believed there is a Supreme Being and it is our job to discover our own reality by reasoning. In his autobiography, he notes several epiphanies that changed his lifestyle. For example, he regretted his leaving Miss Read for England without pursuing their relationship further. He calls these regrets or wrongdoings Erratum (Lauter 788). The spirituality of Franklin and Edwards is distinctive, and their writings reflect their experiences and growth of improvement. Franklin as a Deist felt that he created his destiny by the decisions he made. His autobiography illustrates his faults and accomplishments. This openness aims to the audience, the American, in order for them to reevaluate themselves and improve from their weaknesses. Franklin wanted Americans to become better Americans. With Edwards beliefs, he felt that god predestined every man, and only the elect entered in the afterlife to heaven. He focuses his writing to the Christian audience. His goal is to prepare them to become candidates to be elect and show how the elect can set an example for the rest of the congregation. These men felt the responsibility to live a better life and set the example for every man in their community. As individuals, they constantly contemplate and self-evaluate there position in life and community. In Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays, the editor Michael T. Gilmore writes in the introduction, in their minds the Bible was the book of history, and typology revealed the developmental pattern of events by finding correspondences between the Old and New Testaments (2). Edwards constantly places his life according to the bible. He believed like Winthrop, that his community needs to prepare and become a city upon a hill (Gilmore 2). Through his contemplation and goals seen in Resolutions, he constantly seeks to improve himself, so he can fulfill Gods plan for a new Holy Land, which is his congregation in New England. His sole concentration was interpreting the Bible and living by its words. He recorded his goals to improve himself and set an example to his community. .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .postImageUrl , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:hover , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:visited , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:active { border:0!important; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:active , .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978 .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29c34be8c38a9ece90e16e66cec75978:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economic Change in America EssayBenjamin Franklin seeks the same goals as an individual, but he desires to improve the American man. In Soundings: Some Early American Writers, Lewis Leary writes Franklin was the true American constantly redefines himselfnone better represented the simple, noble menwho lived close to nature faithful to her laws uncontaminated by artificialities of court or town (9, 11). Franklin lists virtues that he intended his audience to try to follow when they chose to improve themselves. By explaining that no one can change overnight and work on one vice until successively conquered, such as chastity, every man can find self-improvement and further co ntribute to their community (Lauter 810-11). With a diary and documenting each vice, Edward sought to overcome his sins, be closer to God, and teach from his experience the necessity to set the best example as one of the elect. With Franklins table of conquering vices, he wanted to be closer to being virtuous. These men documented their progress of their self-defined resolutions in hopes of their community to follow by their example. They desire to be influential by their own sacrifices and catch attention and esteem by their community. Edwards and Franklins writings reflect the political and social separations in their society. While Franklin teaches through writing the events to all Americans for the need for a closer society after the Revolutionary War, Edward preaches to his congregation the need to bind together and seek salvation during the time when America redefined religion. In, Sinners of an Angry God, Edwards reacts with anger and fierceness to his congregation in the reaction to the Great Awakening. In his sermon to his church, Edwards theme is to plea the many not saved and doomed to damnation. He preaches, now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has thrown the door of mercy wide open (Lauter 602). He pleas to divert the influence of uncertified preachers and stay close to the community and save themselves. His idea of holding a community is by threat of damnation. As Ursula Brumm explains in her essay Jonathan Edwards and Typology, in Early American Literature: A Collection of C ritical Essays, Edwards took part heart and soul in the events of the Great Awakening. He regarded this movement with overwhelming expectations in the belief that it marked the beginning of the millennium (71). Edwards felt that the temptations of Satan was the cause of this event, and by force in this sermon, he attempted to hold his congregation during this test by God who wanted to see who was faithful. Franklin was not as forceful in his attempt to influence man to become more patriotic. He simply wanted some to follow the path that he paved. He discusses that the application of his list of virtues and how they make man a good citizen. He says its every ones interest to be virtuous, who wishd to be happy even in this world (Lauter 818). His aim is to show men, thatliterature, like his autobiography, helps men analyze their own errors and correct (Leary 15). The theme of rags to riches dominates Franklin autobiography and it is a common theme used by many American writers. At the time after America won its independence, the nation struggled for the identification of a model citizen. Franklins true account of his success from moving from the lower class to the upper class influenced many of his fellow American in a needful time. Franklin and Edwards were innovators to their communities when people needed a model to live their lives. By their constant self-evaluation, self-improvement, publication of their personal narratives, and their acknowledgement of a need to bind society together, they represent American Literature. .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .postImageUrl , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:hover , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:visited , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:active { border:0!important; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:active , .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4 .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20b5d8509c2c98c33173101ccf9442c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Narrative Essay On The Bubonic Plague Black DeathBibliographyWorks CitedBrumm, Ursula. Jonathan Edwards and Typology. Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Michael T. Gilmore. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980. Lauter, Paul., ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Leary, Lewis. Soundings: Some Early American Writers. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1975. English Essays

Capital Punishment Essays (660 words) - English Criminal Law

Capital Punishment In society today there are murders committed everyday. And everyday the people who commit these crimes are found guilty in a court of law and sentenced to like in prison. Some even get chances for parole. What the courts should do is take every murderer, give every one of them the death penalty, and follow through with it. The death penalty should be legal in all 50 states and carried through when given out as a sentence. Gary Gilmore faced a firing squad at the Utah State Prison on January 17, 1977. There have been 55 murders in that state during 1976. During 1977, in wake of the Gilmore execution, there were 44 murders: a 20 percent decrease. As you can see, the execution had some effect on the murder rate in Utah. There are very few proven facts about capital punishment deterring crime at this time. This is so because capital punishment is not used enough to actually have an effect on people. It is a fact that of all murder sentences that 38 percent get the death penalty. If that 38 percent only 0.1 percent are executed. If we use the death penalty more often and actually carry through with it will have an effect on the crime rate in the country. People will see that finally we have justice in this country and if they do this, there is a large chance they are going to be caught and they are going to receive the death penalty. We also need the death penalty in this country because if we execute the murderer that person has no chance to ever kill or harm another person again. The person will never have a chance for parole and there will never be a risk of this person ever ruining another family's life. It is not fair for a murderer to get life in prison. The murderer still can have a life, not much of one, but they do have one. He or she can still communicate with their families. The victim of the murder cannot. The victim's family will never be able to see there loved one again. Another thing with life in prison is that the murderer may have a chance for parole. If they feel that the murderer is rehabilitated and ready to enter society again they just let him or her out of prison. Anybody can seem rehabilitated but go back on the streets and murder another person if not more. There are very few disadvantages of capital punishment. The first and probably top reason is that a person can be wrongfully accused and sentenced for a murder. The innocent person is charged with murder and sentenced to the death penalty although they did not commit the crime they are accused of. This unfortunately is the biggest disadvantage of the death penalty. Another disadvantage has to be if somebody killed another person in self defense. Let us say there is a man or woman in your house that you don't know. He or she comes up and tries to grab and harm you in some way. In the nightstand, you keep a handgun. You are able to get to the gun and shoot the perpetrator and he or she dies. Should this person be charged with murder? No, this is an act of self defense where the victim if the shootings was endangering the life of the shooter. The death penalty should be established in all 50 states. The crime rate would go down if all states had the death penalty because people would see murderers being executed and if they do this they will be sentenced to death also. There is no doubt in my mind that crime would go down. Also, there would be no chance that the killer would ever get the chance to kill again. With society being the way it is today, with kids killing in schools and people shooting or stabbing other people for drug deals gone bad, capital punishment needs to be established and carried out. They will see that if they do this they too will receive the death penalty and the too are going to suffer the consequences that go along with committing murder.

102 Proposal and 2BR02B Professor Ramos Blog

102 Proposal and 2BR02B Quick Write Quick Write What is a problem, local, personal, or national, that you would like to write about? Come up with a few. Proposal Intro Lets go over the  proposal prompt  for the first essay. Brainstorming Lets come up with a big list of problems we can possibly write about. 2BR02B Solution The proposal asks that we define a problem and come up with a solution that we can implement to the problem. It is important in critical thinking to think thought the decisions. If you come up with a solution, you have to think of the implications it will have. Will it lead to problems in the future? While we may not be able to predict with certainty if it will cause problems, we can think through it and anticipate some possible negative outcomes. Obstacles to Critical Thinking The topic is too controversial. The topic hits â€Å"too close to home.† Personal experience with topic. The topic disgusts you. Begin Research Begin researching the problem you are thinking of writing about. Find at least one source to use for your first essay that helps you to define the problem. Do not assume that the problem is real! Question your assumptions and find proof from a reliable source.

Organisational Behaviour summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Behaviour summary - Essay Example described McDonaldization as a process through which society adopts the characteristics of a fast food restaurant, which has four components; calculability, efficiency, predictability and control. However, McDonald’s has diversified beyond these traditional fast food items through the acquisition of restaurants such as Boston Market and Donatos Pizzeria. McDonald’s not only operates stand alone restaurants but also has presence in commercial establishments such as mall, gas stations and airports. What began as a simple drive through in 1941 has emerged to be the world’s largest fast food chain. There is a trans-generational connotation to McDonald’s as every American seems to have gone through it at one point or through out their lives. But how has McDonald’s managed to be such a global icon of success? McDonald’s is used as a learning tool, even by organizations out of the food and service industry. This implies that their strategy is well above global standards. It puts emphasis on staff training and development programmes, strict and consistent quality and service, continuous innovation and development and a centralized promotion campaign. The main emphasis of McDonald’s competitive advantage that has ensured that they have remained as a leader is the relentless quest for consistency and innovation. This is compounded by the fact that McDonald’s has put measure in place such as the quality assurance labs globally to ensure that only products of the highest standards are used in the production process. Despite the fact that the staff hired by McDonald’s is mostly untrained and inexperienced, these recruits undergo vigorous training on food preparation and customer care. While it is a global enterprise, McDonald’s operations are standardized through out. This has advantages such as the standardization of cost efficiencies and the management is able to make comparisons and learn from its various outlets. This also encourages healthy competition

The Literary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Literary analysis - Essay Example Some of the things that the soldiers from the platoon Alpha Company carried with them from the war were material things while others were mental. The mental issues such as fear and guilt that they carried from the actions that they did during the war are the focus of the book with a keen eye being on the death and life. Most stories in the book are not definite as having a resolution except only when a character dies inclining that the anecdotes used to not help in illustrating closure for either of the platoon Alpha Company. The only true representation is that the death of a soldier at the war had a significant impact on the life of those that survived making it to be a worthy war story. With this overview, this essay will delve into the literary analysis of this text by making a personal claim about the impact of the book and its relevance to readers by highlighting what is either valuable or not within the same. Additionally, the essay will also suggest the context that readers should consider as they read it and explain about the place of O’Brien’s book in modern literature. According to O’Brien, it is not easy to narrate a war story but fictional writing can be used to immortalize the dead, which can be valuable to the readers as it helps in understanding the narratorâ₠¬â„¢s past, present and future if they were involved in war. In the initial pages of the book, the narrator starts by explaining some of the material things that the soldiers came with from Vietnam that they considered them to be what used to make life bearable for them there. Some of these physical things included lighters, cigarettes, chewing gum, bible, Kool-Aid, condoms, while another carried pond cake and peaches among a list of other items (O’Brien 2). The emotions of the narrator are triggered from time to time through the thoughts of death of fellow officer Lavender, which

Why did two separate German states appear in 1949 Essay

Why did two separate German states appear in 1949 - Essay Example When one looks beyond the facts, the Cuban missile crisis was just more of the balance of powers between the US and the Soviet Union. It was entangled in the Berlin crisis and the Soviets had three underlying motives, none of which was to force a nuclear war. The first motive was to deter the US attack on Cuba, the second was to obtain leverage over the Berlin issue and the third was to undermine the US nuclear superiority in the balance of powers (Betts 1987, 110). Following the Second World War, the Soviet Union together with the US, Britain and France occupied Germany for reconstruction and stabilization purposes. Ultimately, the country was divided into two with the Soviet Union taking responsibilities for East Germany and the remaining World War II allies taken responsibility for West Germany. Neither side could agree on concessions and strategies and by 1961, the situation had escalated into what has been described as the Berlin Crisis (Stern 2005, 18). The power struggle between the US and the Soviet Union during the ongoing Cold War and the US’s nuclear and military superiority did not help. By 1961, Russian leader Nikita Krushchev vowed that when he met with US President J. F. Kennedy in June that year he would â€Å"push hard for concessions in Berlin and elsewhere† (Stern 2005, 18). Based on the facts and circumstances in which Krushchev made that statement, historians have taken the position that the Cuban Missile Crisis was no more than a ploy on the part of the Soviet Union to compel Western powers, particularly the US to accept the settlement of Germany, and Berlin in particular on its terms and conditions. The idea was to use â€Å"quick and dramatic means† for strengthening the Soviet Union’s military, diplomatic and psychological position on a number of geopolitical matters, particularly the German issue (Divine 1988, 135). The Soviet’s would claim however, that

The Meaning of Political Theory

The Meaning of Political Theory DISCUSSING THE MEANING OF POLITICAL THEORY Harold Lasswell (1936) defines politics as ‘Who gets what, when and how,’ Leftwitch, (2004). No wonder, then, a myriad of attempts has been made to come up with a conclusive and all-encompassing analytical approach to this study of ‘who gets what, when and how’. Some of these, of course, include; scientific approach, philosophical approach as well as theoretical approach to the study of politics, Heywood (2007). It is the latter, however, which is the scope of this discussion. While science refers to a means of acquiring political knowledge through observation, experimentation and measurement using empirical evidence, philosophy is a means by which any abstract thought about politics is covered in search for, both, wisdom and understanding, Heywood (2004). Before going any farther into the discussion, a look at the meaning of the word theory is imperative. The dictionary meanings of the word theory are (1); a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists, (2) the principles on which a particular subject is based (3) opinion or idea that somebody believes is true but that is not proved, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 7th Edition, (2006). Political theory, in this context, is an academic discipline that studies politics based on the following premises; it involves the analytical studies of ideas and doctrines that have been central to the political thought; it studies the ends and means of political action; it is concerned with ethical and normative questions; it draws upon the example of economic theory in building up models based on procedural rules usually about self interested behaviour of individuals involved like the bourgeoisie or the proletariat; it examines what major thinkers said, how they developed or justified their views; it attempts to, better, understand behaviour of actors like voters, politicians, lobbyist and bureaucrats, Heywood, (2004). Basically Political Theory analyses political concepts and their relationship to actual political practice. This is done through; Concepts, Models, Theories and Ideologies. Concepts, to begin with, are general ideas or mental constructs by which attempts are made to draw out meaning from otherwise infinitely complex realities through logical presentations. They are tools with which human beings think, criticize, argue, explain and analyze political developments. Examples include liberty, human rights, equality, power, authority, order and law Heywood (2004). Second tool of political theory are Models. Models are representations of empirical data that aim to advance understanding by highlighting significant relationships and interactions among variables. These are built around a number of concepts with an aim of making a vivid resemblance of the original object without necessarily becoming its copy.They are analytical tools through which meaning can be imposed upon a massive and disorganized collection of facts. An example is the Easton Systems Model of state by David Easton (1953) cited by Heywood (2007). Third on the list of tools of political theory are ‘theories’ or simply put macro theories.Theories, often used interchangeably with models, are comprehensive, systematic, consistent and reliable explanations and predictions of relationships among specific variables. Theories are explained through models, for example, theories of collectivism, pluralism, elitism, and functionalism. These may be explained by a model of state, model of electoral competition, or model of group politics, Heywood (2007). Last on the tools through which political theory does the analysis of politics are Ideologies. The term Ideology was coined during French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) Ideologies are intellectual frameworks comprising interrelated values, theories and assumptions, within which search for knowledge is conducted. They are main beliefs that outline how political change can and should be brought about. They provide a broad range of political creeds and traditions which provide basis of political action. Examples of political Ideologies are Conservatism, Socialism, Communism, and Fascism of course, just to mention but a few, Heywood (2004) In as much as there is an appreciation on the arguments of the four tools of Concepts, Models, Theories and Ideologies to the theoretical approach to the study of politics on one hand, a number of weaknesses can be observed in this ‘tool’ based approach on the other. The first problem encountered with political concepts is that they are, often, difficult to disentangle from the moral, philosophical and ideological views of those who advance them. Another problem is that political concepts often become the subject of intellectual and ideological controversy. It is not uncommon for political argument to take place between people who assert to uphold the same principle or ideal which is reflected in attempts to establish a particular conception of a concept as objectively correct, as in the case of true democracy, freedom, justice and so forth, Heywood (2004). An additional problem with political concepts is fetishism. This occurs when concepts are treated as though they ha ve a concrete existence separate from the human beings who use them. In short, words are treated as things, rather than as devices for understanding things. The complexity of political reality also renders concepts insufficient to explain political practice as some concepts are multi-faceted in nature and are a subject to profound ideological controversy, Heywood (2004). Although models are a simplification of reality, they are not a reliable knowledge in themselves as they have hidden values. These values and beliefs may intrude into the process of model and theory building thereby making it impracticable to create purely empirical theories or models. This means that models and theories contain some biases, Heywood (2004). Ideologies are the ‘Grand Thought’ of any political institution. Despite being such major themes in the political arena, ideologies command no objective standard of truth against which they can bejudged. As a matter of fact, there are different perspectives on ideologies. For instance, Liberals, have viewed ideologies as officially endorsed belief systems that claim a monopoly of truth, for example communism and fascism. Conservatives have traditionally regarded ideologies as manifestations of the arrogance of rationalism. Socialists have seen ideologies as body of ideas that conceal the contradictions of class society, thereby promoting false perception and political obedience amongst subordinate classes per se, Heywood (2004). Having looked at political theory from an academic perspective as based on the premises on which it operates, the concepts, the models, the theories and the ideologies with their relationship to real political practice, I would, therefore, understand political theory as an approach to the study of politics based on mere social constructs, of course, without proof. REFERENCES Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory: An Introduction, London Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2007). Politics (3rd Ed) London: Palgrave. Hoffman, J. and Graham, P. (2009).Introduction to Political Theory (2nd Ed): Pearson Education Limited, England. Leftwich, A. (2004).(Ed) What is Politics? Cambridge: Polity Press. Wehmeier, S. et. al (2006). (Ed): Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (7th Edition), International Student’s Edition. Oxford University Press. The meaning of political theory The meaning of political theory THE MEANING OF POLITICAL THEORY Human life is a complex creation on the earth’s surface. It is inevitably interesting to think of how humans think about where they come from, where they are now, their values and norms, differing views and perception about the social, economic and political arrangements of the world they live in, and their hope for a better society or world. Aristotle, (1996) argues that man is by nature a political animal. This further complicates the already complex human life as it entails that Politics exists at every corner of human life and is an intrinsic feature of mankind, despite controversies on what is ‘political’ and not. These arguments further erupt over the legitimate order and meaning of political phenomenon or empirical political actions, with regards to what Heywood, (2004) refers to as political values or normative concepts, for instance; justice, liberty, rights, equality, and descriptive concepts like; power, order and law, to mention a few. Political theory is, therefore, concerned with ethical or normative questions like, ‘How should power be distributed amongst individuals and the state?’, ‘What should the limit of an individual’s rights and liberty be?’. But then, what is Political Theory? This paper discusses the meaning of Political theory and attempts to find a better definition of the nomenclature. The desire to find the meaning to Political Theory requires the meaning of theory. The word theory originates from the Greek word â€Å"theoria†, meaning the act or procedure or state of contemplation over something going on with the intention to understand it. Political Theory may, therefore, be described as the act or procedure of having a long thoughtful observation, with intention of understanding the meaning of what may be referred to as â€Å"political†. However, this is not a description enough to quench the desire for a better definition, hence rendering political theory contested. As defined by Held, (1991: cited by Farrelly, 2004), political theory is â€Å" a network of concepts and generalizations about political life involving ideas, assumptions and statements about the nature, purpose and key features of government, state and society and about the political capabilities of human beings†. Heywood, (2004) also contends that political theory is sets of ideas or an idea that in some way seeks to impose order or meaning upon prevailing political phenomena. In general, political theory essentially provides necessary analytical tools like; concepts, models, theories and ideologies, to analyze, understand and criticize Political thought and practice. Concepts, as described by Heywood, (2004) serve as building blocks of human knowledge and are, therefore, general idea or mental construct through which meaning is draw out from an otherwise infinitely complex reality. State, presidency, and political party are examples of concepts. However, the complexity of political reality often renders some concepts insufficient to explain, in great deal, political practice and are often contested, hence Heywood, (2004)’s argument that Politics as a struggle over the legitimacy of concepts. On this background, models and theories were developed. Models successfully devise representations of empirical data that aim at advancing understanding of a number of concepts by highlighting the significant relationships and interactions among them. A theory comprises many models and establishes an explanatory proposition which comprehensively, systematically, consistently and reliably explains and predicts, in full details, political actions and behavior. Pluralism is an example of a theory and is explained by models of the state, electoral competition and group Politics. Theories are, however, not enough analytical tools to give a wider explanation of the structure of the world and predict future events, hence the need for a more comprehensive tool ideologies or paradigms. Heywood, (2004) describes ideologies as intellectual frameworks that comprise interrelated values, theories and assumptions, within which search for knowledge is conducted. Liberalism, Socialism and Conservatism are examples of Political Ideologies. These grand philosophical thoughts explain reality based on the assumptions of what is going on. For instance, if a state claims to be a Liberal, assumptions like; existence of capitalist economic system, an individual’s space, that is, rights and liberty, precede that of the collective, individual property ownership, are drawn. Analysis made on ideologies revealed their short falls, hence, led to establishment of other ideologies in reaction to these short falls. For instance, the failure of capitalism, liberal’s economic system, to redistribute wealth between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat led to the evolution of Socialism which emphasizes welfarism. Most students studying Politics confuse Political theory to[G1] other disciplines that deal with politics, such as political philosophy, political science and history. It is, however, important that a distinction line be drawn among these fields of study. Political theory can be meaningless to the exclusion of history and political philosophy. History enriches us with enough knowledge of the political strives that states have experienced and evolved through. It also informs the strains and stress that lead to the creation of political ideologies through the remarkable works of Aristotle, Plato and other great thinkers. Political theory dwells in these premises; digs out the history of states and governments; analyzes their grand philosophical thoughts, known as political ideologies in order to understand, explain and/or criticize them, and predict future events. Political theory deals with fundamental problems of the state, such as rights, liberty, justice and equality to mention a few. It does not create the fundamentals themselves, but only tries to analyze, understand and explain them so as to predict better social, economic and political arrangements that will create what Heywood, (2004) refers to as a ‘good or just society’. For example, Political theory is not concerned with what liberty and rights are. It is rather interested in comprehending the extent to which the exercise of rights and liberty is just. Political tTheory can be approached in two imperative ways. On one hand is the normative or tradition approach which concentrates on the historical, philosophical, institutional and legal orientations of political phenomenon, for instance, Thomas Hobbes’ theory of the state. On the other hand empirical approach believes in facts, as opposed to values, obtained through scientific methods to make sense of political behavior; for example, David Easton’s model of a political system. Political theory invariably treasures both normative values and empirical facts in order to predict a just society. It is apparent from the discussions on this paper that a precise definition for political theory is invariably difficult as it is subject to contention due to its complexity. It incorporates necessary aspects of history, political philosophy and political science. Nevertheless, political theory can be describes as nothing but a field of study that provides analytical tools, like; concepts, models, theories and ideologies or paradigms in order to impose meaning, understanding, criticism and prediction of political thought and action. It treasures both normative values and empirical facts to predict political phenomenon and it is through a vast knowledge of these analytical tools that a ‘just society’ can be predicted. REFERENCES Aristotle, (1996). The Politics and the Constitution of Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Farrelly, C. (2004). Contemporary Political Theory, London: Sage Publications Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory, An Introduction, 3rd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan 1 [G1]Wrong preposition

charant Creon as the Main Character of Antigone Essay -- Antigone ess

Creon as the Main Character of Antigone    Throughout the Greek play Antigone by Sophocles, there exists a dispute as to who should receive the designation of main character. Antigone, the daughter of the cursed King Oedipus, as well as Creon, stately king of Thebes, both appear as the key figures in this historic play. I believe that Creon, king of Thebes, should be considered the main character in this work of Greek theater. Three points can be used to make this argument: Creon suffers greatly, he learns a lesson, and is a tragic hero. Creon, like all main characters in Greek drama, suffers many losses and undergoes emotional pain and anguish. A target of the curse on the House of Oedipus by relation, Creon was already a victim of fate. His destiny has already been predetermined by the curse on the house of Oedipus, so he must either undergo suffering, death, or even both. He loses his future daughter-in-law, Antigone, by initiating her death, his son through suicide, and his wife by suicide as well. Antigone broke a decree of Creon's: not to bury the traitor Polynices. The sister of Polynices, she breaks this new law because she knows that in order to please the gods she must so the right thing and bury Polynices. When she does Creon sentences her to death by sealing her in a cave. After realizing that he has made a critical error, he and his followers unseal the rocky tomb to find that Antigone has taken her own life. Creon's son, Haemon, the to-be husband of Antigone, rushes into the cave in mourning. He attempt s an attack on Creon, but fails to connect with his sword thrust, and in anger and remorse kills himself with his weapon beside his dead love. Creon, overwhelmed with anguish, returns to the castle. But ... ...Gods have attempted to evade their fate, but have never been able to do so. Creon is affected by fate through the curse of Oedipus. The Chorus recites: The stress of a Fate is hard; Nor wealth, nor warfare, nor ward, Nor black ships cleaving the sea Can resist her, or flee. (35). Despite the fact that the play's name stands as Antigone, I believe that Creon should be recognized as the central character in this play. He lives longer, has more lines, stands in the middle of many moral arguments, and doesn't pull a disappearing act in the middle of the play. Provided with this knowledge, maybe a reader will read the play Antigone with a new prospective, and look at the story from both point-of-views. Not placing Antigone as the 'good-guy', and Creon as the 'bad-guy', but thinking of the pair as good people fighting for the right in conflicting situations.   

Perspectives on adult and worker’s education

The ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. Authors appear in agreement that workers and adult education must be embedded in society’s institutional frameworks that reduce their dependence but leverages economic development. It is the view of this paper that social democracy perspective is a better model because it strongly relies on institutionalization of workers adult education; a factor that largely provides them with a raised ground for competing with others. A strong evaluation of social democracy and neo-liberalism perspectives as well as how the two have shaped adult and workers education is further provided. Finally, a personal preference on the perspectives is outlined. Social democracy perspective According to Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007), social democracy is an evolutionary perspective that has taken long to define and re-fit in different contexts. From a classic political spectrum, it can be considered a centre-left concept assuming a reformist socialism model. Consequently, it takes a gradual outlook in establishing a socialist mode of economy. At this point, social democracy should be seen to consist of two main building factors; democracy and socialism. First, it entails embracing values in the society, upholding freedom, and most importantly equity. People are directly involved in making decisions either directly or indirectly through their elected leaders. Unlike in neo-liberalism, Sullivan (2003) argues that democracy is a strong down-top management in a broad pyramidal model with no discrimination at any level. Socialism, on the other hand involves common ownership and planning based on institutions. Therefore, work by the people and society as a whole is considered central towards advancing independence and economic development. Social democracy in adult and workers’ education as Sullivan (2003) outlines reflect values that seek to create a highly enlightened community as a whole. Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007) explain that social democracy reference to institutions greatly centralizes and harmonizes control and accessibility of services to the community. In New Zealand, the government took a bold shift from the competitive model in adult education to a social democratic one which created faster and better access especially to the working community (McLaughlin, 2003). One cannot fail to mention the essential role that social democracy has brought in essential services such as health and development in different regions. United States highly ranked democratic ideals and access to services by all is linked to effective representation and prioritization brought about by social democracy. Neo-liberalism perspective Neo-liberalism is an ideology with a wide and a highly changing orientation in different levels. Green (2003) argues that this ideology is a construct from classical economic theories which seek to empower private and individuals in leveraging economic development. Proponents of this view believe that through privatization the society is able to invoke higher levels and quality of services delivery to the society through market competition. Unlike it is currently known that key services such as education and healthcare are a prerogative of central government, neo-liberalism shifts their constitution and provision to private ownership. Moss (2008) notes in his publication that neo-liberalism is strongly entrenched on consideration of demand and supply of various services being provided. Though it was held as a strong factor within which both individual people and private entities would gather efforts to build competitive advantages in bid to win the market, Green (2003) argues that essential services with low demand may acutely lack in the community. Upon this realization, Moss (2008) adds that governments have evaded operating on a pure neo-liberal point of view to a mixed model which seeks to emphasize on individual competiveness and institutional progress. A Marxist operation is further employed to optimize outputs on effectual demand. This perspective further calls for optimization of technology and incentives as essential optimization forces. How these ideological perspectives have shaped adult and workers’ education and training Over the years, adult and worker’s education in different nations have taken varied perspectives with differing success rates. However, though selection of these perspectives and application in other areas such as industrial production appear easy, scholars remain highly divided over which one is better in adult and workers’ education. From a social democracy point of view, Sutch (1966) notes that adult and workers education is run non-competitively. Sutch (1966) further points out that a competitive model is highly restrictive and operates in a colonial model. Consequently, only a few people who have the resources would be able to access education in a competitive consideration. New Zealand strongly shifted to social democracy which gave the government full control of adult and workers education that strongly promoted access and encouraged more elderly people to further education. Williams (1980) strongly argued that adult and workers’ population constituted an important number in England which could be used to leverage development in the country at the height of the Cold War. Notably, with many people limited by resources availability as they worked in the low paying changing industries, advancing the dream of uniting Europe was at stake. In this case, the government introduced short two year courses that could allow adults and workers access to university degrees. Besides, open learning and recreational courses facilitated by the government made it possible to learn even after work and at night with or without qualifications (Alcock, Erskine and May, 2003). However, it is critical that social democracy is indirectly linked and partially shaped by the market forces to invoke the sense of high quality. In his publication, Green (2003) cites Neo-liberalism, as the main concept with ability to invoke high creativity and innovations in the 21st century. Upton (1986) further suggests that any education model that lacks direct market touch as a roadmap to failure. Neo-liberalism therefore creates a direct link between the market requirements and what the education offers. It is from this perspective’s application that Canaan and Shumar (2008) reports of the ability to tap young minds and entrenching them in the economic development demand that saw Japan strongly develop its industrial capacity. However, the workers and adults were greatly disadvantaged taking into consideration that they formed a significant proportion of the population. It is from this realization that largely saw New Zealand shift from a Neo-Liberalism approach to a social democratic orientation outlook (Holford, Jarvis and Griffin, 1998). As indicated earlier, many states are currently undergoing key restructuring as they seek to assume either a neo-liberal or social democratic perspective. However, as New Zealand experienced between 1980 and 1990 when it was shifting from a neo-liberal orientation to a social democratic perspective, McLaughlin (2003) emphasizes on the need for intrinsic understanding of either perspective for smooth running transition. Personal preferences on how adult and workers’ education should be shaped Adult population in the society must be seen as a viable force with great potential to leverage economic development in a country or economic region. As a result, any perspective driving their education system must be value driven with focus on empowerment. In her view, McLaughlin (2003) explains that though it is true that adult education lack long term advantages compared to the younger developing population, it remains a very critical factor in economic progression; reducing dependence and supporting higher quality development. It is from this consideration that social democracy in this paper is viewed to be superior in seeking to empower more workers and adult population in the community. It came out from the discussion placing workers and adults on the same learning platform with younger population set then at a losing end as they lack the ability to effectively compete. A social democracy perspective therefore gives them an important and elevated ground to sharpen their skills and leverage production in their areas of work. As McLaughlin (2003) conclusion and Alcock (003) argument indicate the Marxist perspective of neo-liberalism is indeed a scaring factor to the older generation. However, social democracy is both a strengthening factor and encouragement to the workers both socially and in their areas of work. By creating a platform for improvement leveraged by the government, the quality of work from them is anchored while the economy is expanded. Conclusion It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘the ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. ’ The difference of the two perspectives came out to be strongly rooted in their mode of application. While social democracy is strongly people driven through democratic representation in institutional frameworks, neo-liberalism was found to be highly capitalistic. Social democracy was further found to have a broader capacity to support adult and workers education because they are encouraged and supported to support their immediate experiences. However, neo-liberalism perspective’s strong market orientation was found to not only scare adults and workers in pursuing education, but failed to invoke the needed incentives. It is therefore imperative that states and governments assume a social democracy orientation in leveraging their adult and worker’s education.

Timeline of Indias Mughal Empire

Timeline of Indias Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire stretched across most of northern and central India, and what is now Pakistan, from 1526 to 1857, when the British exiled the last Mughal emperor. Together, the Muslim Mughal rulers and their predominantly Hindu subjects created a golden age in Indian history, full of art, scientific achievement, and stunning architecture. Later in the Mughal period, however, the emperors faced increasing encroachment by the French and the British, which ended with the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857. Timeline of Mughal India April 21, 1526: First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and founds Mughal EmpireMarch 17, 1527: Battle of Khanwa, Babur conquers the combined army of the Rajput princes and takes control of much of northern IndiaDec. 26, 1530: Babur dies, is succeeded by son HumayanJuly 11, 1543: Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan, drives him into exile in Afghanistan1554: Humayan travels to Persia, hosted by Safavid emperorJuly 23, 1555: Discord among Sher Shah Suris successors allows Humayun to retake control of northern India, be restored to Mughal throneJan. 17, 1556: Humayan falls down stairs and dies, succeeded by 13-year-old son Akbar, later Akbar the GreatNov. 5, 1556: Second Battle of Panipat, child Emperor Akbars army defeats Hemus Hindu forces1560s - 1570s: Akbar consolidates Mughal rule over much of northern and central India, as well as what is now Pakistan and BangladeshOct. 27, 1605: Akbar the Great dies, succeeded by his son Jahangir1613: The British East India Company defeats Portuguese at Surat, Gujarat State and establishes the  first warehouse in India 1615: Britain sends the first ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, to Mughal court1620s: Mughal art reaches a high point under Jahangirs rule1627: Emperor Jahangir dies, succeeded by son Shah Jahan1632: Shah Jahan orders destruction of newly-built Hindu temples, breaking with Mughal record of religious tolerance1632: Shah Jahan designs and begins building Taj Mahal as a tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal1644: British East India Company builds Fort St. George in Madras (now Chennai), southeast coastal India1658: Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, for the rest of his life in the Red Fort at Agra1660s-1690s: Aurangzeb expands Mughal rule to more than 3.2 million square km, including Assam, the Deccan plateau, and parts of southern India1671: Aurangzeb orders construction of the Badshahi Mosque at Lahore, now in Pakistan1696: Establishment of British East India Companys Fort William on Ganges delta, fort and trading factory which becomes Calcutta (Kolkata)March 3, 1707: Death of Au rangzeb marks the end of Mughal Golden Era, beginning of slow decline; he is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah I Feb. 27, 1712: Bahadur Shah I dies, succeeded by incompetent son Jahandar ShahFeb. 11, 1713: Jahandar Shah is executed by agents of nephew Farrukhsiyar, who takes the Mughal throne1713 - 1719: Weak-willed Emperor Farrukhsiyar falls under the control of Syed brothers, two generals and king-makers who had helped depose Jahandar ShahFeb. 28, 1719: Syed brothers have Emperor Farrukhsiyar blinded and strangled; his cousin Rafi ud-Darjat becomes new Mughal emperorJune 13, 1719: 19-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Darjat is murdered at Agra after just three months on the throne; Syeds appoint brother Rafi ud-Daulah to succeed himSept. 19, 1719: Syeds kill 23-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Daulah after three months on the throneSept. 27, 1719: Syed brothers place 17-year-old Muhammad Shah on Mughal throne and rule in his name until 1720Oct. 9, 1720: Emperor Muhammad Shah orders Syed Hussain Ali Khan killed at Fatehpur SikriOct. 12, 1722: Emperor Muhammad Shah has Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned to dea th, takes power in his own right 1728 - 1763: Mughal-Maratha Wars; Marathas seize Gujarat and Malwa, raid DelhiFeb. 13, 1739: Nader Shah of Persia invades India, wins Battle of Karnal, loots Delhi, steals Mughal Peacock ThroneMarch 11, 1748: Battle of Manipur, Mughal Army defeats Durrani invasion force from AfghanistanApr. 26, 1748: Emperor Muhammad Shah dies, succeeded by 22-year-old son Ahmad Shah BahadurMay  1754: Battle of Sikandarabad, Marathas defeat Mughal Imperial Army, kill 15,000 Mughal troopsJune 2, 1754: Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur deposed and blinded by Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk; former emperor spends rest of life in prison, dying in 1775June 3, 1754: Imad-ul-Mulk appoints Alamgir II, the 55-year-old second son of Jahandar Shah, as the new Mughal Emperor1756: British make lurid charges about imprisonment and death of 123 British and Anglo-Indian troops by Bengali captors in Black Hole of Calcutta; story likely fabricatedNov. 29, 1759: Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha ruler Sadashivrao Bhau conspire to murder Alamgir II, place Aurangzebs grandson Shah Jahan III on Mughal throne Oct. 10, 1760: Shah Jahan III deposed after less than a year, but survives until 1772; succeeded by Alamgir IIs son, Shah Alam IIOct. 1760 - 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II, in alliance with Durranis, works to restore the glory of Mughal EmpireOct. 23, 1764: Battle of Buxar, British East India Company defeats the combined army of Emperor Shah Alam II and the nawabs of Awadh and BengalNov. 19, 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II dies, marking the end of effective leadership from Mughal Dynasty; he is succeeded by hapless son Akbar Shah II, who is a puppet of the BritishSept. 28, 1837: Akbar Shah II dies at age of 77, succeeded as a puppet ruler by son Bahadur Shah II1857: Use of pork and/or beef fat on army cartridges sets off the Sepoy Mutiny or Indian Revolt1858: British use Indian Revolt of 1857 as the pretext to exile last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to Rangoon, Burma; Mughal dynasty ends

The History of Potato Chips

The History of Potato Chips Legend has it that the potato chip was born out of a tiff between a little-known cook and one of the wealthiest people in American history.   The incident was alleged to have taken place  on August 24, 1853.  George Crum, who was  half African and half native American, was working as a cook at a resort in  Saratoga Springs, New York at the time. During his shift, a disgruntled customer kept sending back an order of french fries, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, Crum prepared a new batch using potatoes that were sliced paper thin and fried to a crisp. Surprisingly, the customer, who happened to be railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt,  loved it. However, that version of events was contradicted by his sister Kate Speck  Wicks. In fact, no official accounts ever proved that Crum claimed to have invented the potato chip. But in Wicks obituary, it was stated flatly that she first invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips, also known as potato chips.  Besides that, the first popular reference to potato chips can be found in the novel A Tale Of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens. In it, he refers to them as â€Å"husky chips of potatoes.† In any case, potato chips did not gain widespread popularity until the 1920s. Around that time,  an  entrepreneur from California named  Laura Scudder  began selling chips in wax paper bags that were sealed with a warm iron in order to  reduce crumbling while keeping the chips fresh and crisp. Over time, the innovative packaging method allowed for the first time the mass production and distribution of potato chips, which began in 1926.  Today, chips are packaged in plastic bags and pumped with nitrogen gas to extend the products shelf life. The process also helps prevent the chips from getting crushed. During the 1920s, an American businessman from North Carolina named  Herman Lay began selling  potato chips out of the trunk of his car to grocers across the south. By 1938, Lay was so successful that his  Lays brand chips went into mass production and eventually became the  first successfully marketed national brand. Among the companys biggest contributions is the introduction of a crinkle-cut Ruffled chips product that tended to be  sturdier and thus less prone to breakage.   It wasnt until the 1950s though that stores started carrying potato chips in various flavors.  This was all thanks to Joe Spud Murphy, the owner of an Irish chip company named Tayto.  He developed a technology that allowed seasoning to be added during the cooking process. The first seasoned potato chip products came in two flavors:  Cheese Onion and Salt Vinegar. Pretty soon, several companies would express interest in securing the rights to Taytos technique.  Ã‚   In 1963, Lay’s Potato Chips left a memorable mark on the countrys cultural consciousness  when the company hired advertising company Young Rubicam to come up with the popular trademark slogan  Betcha can’t eat just one.†Ã‚  Soon sales went international with a marketing campaign that featured celebrity  actor Bert Lahr in a series of commercials in which he played various historical figures such as George Washington, Ceasar, and Christopher Columbus.

Conduct an interview with an Informatics Professional Essay

Conduct an interview with an Informatics Professional - Essay Example Therefore, although companies differ in the way they use this term, CSO is increasingly used to refer to the highest ranked person responsible for the entire security of an organization, that is, both physical and digital (CSO, 2008). This paper, through interviewing a person working in this position, investigates the roles, responsibilities, qualifications, background, experience and challenges facing chief security officers. The telephone interview involved Mr. Anthony Gacanja who is the current CSO of Safaricom Kenya, a major network provider company in Kenya. Mr. Anthony Gacanja is currently the Chief Security Officer at Safaricom Kenya. He did his O level at St. Mary’s School Nairobi and holds a bachelor degree in Bsc. Electrical and Electronics Engineering (majoring in Telecommunication) from Nairobi University. Before joining Safaricom, he worked as a Manger of Technology Security and Risk Services in Ernst and Young and also as an Application Systems Developer at Software Technologies Limited. He has vast experience in IT consultancy and information systems assurance and audit. Besides holding a bachelor degree, Mr. Gacanja is also passed his exams both in Certified Information System Auditor (CISA) and Certified Information Security Manager (CISM). When asked about the main roles and responsibilities of a CSO, Mr. Gacanja said that a CSO has several duties and responsibilities depending on the company he or she is working with. However, although he accepted that these duties and responsibilities may vary from one organization to another, he points out a common aim for all CSOs is to ensure good security to an organization and work force. He gave the following as the main roles of any CSO in any organization: On qualification, Mr. Gacanja said that any individual who wishes to be a chief security officer must have a strong knowledge of security related concepts and excellent contacts

Patterns of Employee Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Patterns of Employee Motivation - Research Paper Example The motivated taskforce not only helps in achieving the organizational tasks accurately but also assure the long-term success of the firm. Pinder (1998) asserts that motivation is an energizing force. It gives energy to the workforce in moving ahead with the same pace. Different organizations have different patterns of employee motivation. The process of employee motivation is difficult for distinct patterns of human behaviour. This paper aims to analyze the motivating factors of employees in organizations, including a discussion on practical and realistic ways of motivating a diverse workforce in an organization. In order to successfully implement a motivational plan for employees, it is important to understand and know the behavioural patterns of the employees. It is not an easy task to individually assess and analyze the behavioural pattern of each employee. However, researchers have helped in making decisions about the behavioural patterns by providing three broad categories. The first category involves the ‘self-actualized’ employees who are never de-motivated and have high spirits and passion to achieve the goals. It involves an estimated 10 per cent of the total workforce. The second category involves ‘fence sitters’, who can be motivated using the motivational techniques and skills. The largest group of the workforce belongs to this category (i.e. around 80%). The third category involves the remaining 10 per cent of employees who are difficult to be managed and motivated. These employees do not intend to achieve anything over and above their current performanc e. In other words, they do not have any intention to get motivated and improve their performance. The importance of categorizing the employees is the fact that the middle category (i.e. 80-90%) of the employees get motivated to improve their performance by the way self-actualized employees are treated and rewarded (Subburaj. 2005). The most important factor to consider before implementing any technique of employee motivation is to understand the nature of the workforce, categorize employees into groups and apply appropriate motivational techniques for each group.     

NO MAN IS AN ISLAND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NO MAN IS AN ISLAND - Essay Example John Donne will mention in his poem â€Å"Each is a piece of the continent, A part of the main.† The poet actually referred to his own disease here (Jokinen, 2006).ii He says he is concerned no matter who struggles or who dies because every man is a part of the bigger picture (Donne, 1624). The agony affecting one might not take long to affect another. For example, consider you hit your leg hard on the floor. It is just a matter of few seconds, before the pains sweeps through your whole body. Though the damage is restricted to a small finger, the pain is felt in the core of the heart. The poet’s phrase â€Å"No man is an island† is an eternal phrase fit for any modern age. Man can use all the modern technology to live life comfortably. But, he needs others to share his joy or at least boast about his pleasure. Secondly, the aim of all this advanced technology is to establish quick communication between people. The more people communicate, the more they get to know about different cultures, they become broad minded and feel a sense of oneness. Facebook, Twitter, Mobile chats everything aims in establishing the same. The modern communication has actually broken the ethical and continental barriers so easily. Our youngsters have friends all over the world and have much acceptance towards various things considered taboo in our forefather’s age. â€Å"No man is an Island† can be interpreted in a much different manner too. There are several people in the modern age who boast about living without any commitments. They dwell in the comfy of their own privacy with all the sophisticated technology at their aid. But, they easily forget they still use the skill and help of all those who struggled to put this technology in place for them. It is every person’s duty to give back to the world in form of physical work, intellectual discoveries or loving care. A mother can tend to the children lovingly while the saint can pray

The True Meaning of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The True Meaning of the American Dream Essay The American Dream has been all about a greater national vision, however as time has progressed, the American Dream has shifted from a greater national vision to individual material success. These cultural aspects of the American Dream complement each other and have an underlying relationship. One often â€Å"†¦winces a bit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  at the phrase the American Dream â€Å"†¦ because it has become such a clichà ©.† (Source 7) Everyone does not know the true meaning of the American Dream because one interprets it in their own way. But the true meaning of the American Dream is that it is the dream of opportunity. The American Dream accentuates a greater national vision because it is the opportunity for something that will not only benefit you, but it will also benefit others. â€Å"It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Source 1). A greater national vision gives the American Dream a deeper meaning. For example according to Martin C. Jischke (Source 1)’ James Truslow Adams view of the American Dream is that it is a â€Å"dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.† The American Dream is more than a dream and with â€Å"†¦talent and hard work† (Source 3) one is bound to find opportunity anywhere in the world. For once the American Dream â€Å"had meant something nobler† (Source 7), but over time it has become the want for individual material success. When one comes from a background of having nothing, he/she begins to become eager for success and wants to get something for themselves. This eagerness causes them to work hard and eventually they would be able to â€Å"†¦improve their lot in life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  according to W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm in By Our Own Bootstraps. There has been thousands of people who did not have much, but they soon became very well known around the world. For instance â€Å"Bill Gates in computer software†¦Oprah Winfrey in entertainment†¦Michael Jordan in sports†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Source 3) All of these people had the â€Å"opportunity† to become who they are today and they took that chance, but only to become successful. These cultural aspects of the American Dream complement each other because every person achieves their meaning of the American Dream by first experiencing individual material success, and then seeing that it’s a deeper meaning, which is the greater national vision. Martin C. Jishke would be the perfect example of how the cultural aspects complement each other because after he had completed college, which no one had ever done in his family, his meaning of what the American Dream is became a greater national vision. He had seen that it was more to the American Dream than just achieving your goal to only benefit yourself. The underlying relationship between these two cultural aspects of the American Dream is that in order to know the greater national vision of it, you have to achieve individual material success. Due to how the American Dream is interpreted many people believe that it does not exist anymore. But those people are greatly mistaken because it still exists the meaning has just changed over time. One would agree that as the years continue to pass by the definition of the American Dream will change, but there will always be an underlying relationship between the old meaning and the new meaning. Nothing ever stays the same.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) Essay -- Rights Copyright Res

Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) MOSCOW, Russia (AP) - Bill Gates was arrested late Thursday evening at Moscow International Airport. Gates, co-founder of the Microsoft Corporation (MSFT), was returning to the US after attending a software conference in Moscow. Sources indicate the NKVD arrested Gates on charges pursuant to an alleged violation of Russian software law. The charges were reportedly filed by the Russian software firm Camah, presumably in response to the recent release of Microsoft Advanced eBook Processor. (This software allows users to convert Camah eBook texts into other formats.) As a foreign national, Gates was denied bail. "Yeah, right." you think. "That's absurd. It could never happen. A U.S. citizen arrested in Russia for violating a Russian law while in the United States." Unfortunately, change the names, swap the roles of Russia and the United States, and it happened quite recently. How? Thanks to a 60 page piece of legislation known as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) To understand the DMCA, we must understand what it was designed to do. The name gives away a few clues. Obviously it deals with copyrights, and things digital. And at the the core of any discussion of copyright is the concept of intellectual property. Without getting mired in legal jargon, let us consider an example. Pretend you're a musician. (I'll leave it up to you to decide if you're starving or not) Simplifying things greatly, there are really only two things you have to do to produce an album. The first is coming up with the lyrics and the music. This is your intellectual property. Second, you need to record and make copies of your music. (Unless you went with "starving" above) These copies are physi... ...ca.org (Mar 2002). Boucher, Rick (D-VA) "Time to rewrite the DMCA" Jan 29, 2002 http://news.com.com/2010-1078-825335.html (Mar 2002) "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" Feb 17, 2000 http://www.acm.org/usacm/IP/dmca.exemption.htm (Mar 2002) "Digital Millennium Copyright Act Status And Analysis" Mar 19, 2001 http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/dmca.html (Mar 2002) "US Copyright Office Summary of the Digital Millennum Copyright Act of 1998" December 1998 http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/dmca.pdf (Mar 2002) Ferguson, Niels "Censorship in action: Silenced by the DMCA" Aug 29, 2001 http://www.macfergus.com/niels/dmca/ (Mar 2002) Samuelson, Pamela "Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science" Sep 14, 2001 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2028 (Mar 2002) Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) Essay -- Rights Copyright Res Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) MOSCOW, Russia (AP) - Bill Gates was arrested late Thursday evening at Moscow International Airport. Gates, co-founder of the Microsoft Corporation (MSFT), was returning to the US after attending a software conference in Moscow. Sources indicate the NKVD arrested Gates on charges pursuant to an alleged violation of Russian software law. The charges were reportedly filed by the Russian software firm Camah, presumably in response to the recent release of Microsoft Advanced eBook Processor. (This software allows users to convert Camah eBook texts into other formats.) As a foreign national, Gates was denied bail. "Yeah, right." you think. "That's absurd. It could never happen. A U.S. citizen arrested in Russia for violating a Russian law while in the United States." Unfortunately, change the names, swap the roles of Russia and the United States, and it happened quite recently. How? Thanks to a 60 page piece of legislation known as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (DMCA) To understand the DMCA, we must understand what it was designed to do. The name gives away a few clues. Obviously it deals with copyrights, and things digital. And at the the core of any discussion of copyright is the concept of intellectual property. Without getting mired in legal jargon, let us consider an example. Pretend you're a musician. (I'll leave it up to you to decide if you're starving or not) Simplifying things greatly, there are really only two things you have to do to produce an album. The first is coming up with the lyrics and the music. This is your intellectual property. Second, you need to record and make copies of your music. (Unless you went with "starving" above) These copies are physi... ...ca.org (Mar 2002). Boucher, Rick (D-VA) "Time to rewrite the DMCA" Jan 29, 2002 http://news.com.com/2010-1078-825335.html (Mar 2002) "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" Feb 17, 2000 http://www.acm.org/usacm/IP/dmca.exemption.htm (Mar 2002) "Digital Millennium Copyright Act Status And Analysis" Mar 19, 2001 http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/dmca.html (Mar 2002) "US Copyright Office Summary of the Digital Millennum Copyright Act of 1998" December 1998 http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/dmca.pdf (Mar 2002) Ferguson, Niels "Censorship in action: Silenced by the DMCA" Aug 29, 2001 http://www.macfergus.com/niels/dmca/ (Mar 2002) Samuelson, Pamela "Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science" Sep 14, 2001 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2028 (Mar 2002)

Quantitative Research Critique

Quantitative Research Critique Cathleen Atkins Grand Canyon University NRS 433V Linda Permoda March 24, 2013 Quantitative Research Critique Title of Article The title of the article being critiqued is â€Å"The impact of workload on hygiene compliance in nursing†, which was published in the British Journal of Nursing (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Authors There are three authors for this quantitative research study. Martin Knoll is the HTW of Saarland, Clinical Nursing Research and Evaluation, Saarbruecken, Germany.Christine Lautenschlaeger, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Medical Informatics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany is the second author. And last, Marianne Borneff-Lipp is head of the Institute for Hygiene, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Introduction to Study Quantitative research is used when trying to determine the meaning of li fe experiences and situations. This is done by using a systematic and subjective approach to study.The goal of quantitative research is to determine the relationship between one thing, an independent variable, and another, the dependent variable (Burns & Grove, 2011). The purpose of the study was to examine whether external factors such as ward capacity and level of nursing intensity had any effect on compliance of hand hygiene guidelines by the nursing staff (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Protection of Human Participants During the six participant observation trials nurses were observed, without their knowledge, to see if they complied with hand hygiene disinfection.When a nurse was observed to have neglected hand hygiene an interview was immediately conducted to understand why previous training on hand hygiene guidelines were ignored. The observations and interviews were conducted with permission from hospital management and the medical director that were in accor dance with the Guidelines of Good Research Practice (Cambridge University, 2005). Informed consent was obtained by nursing staff when subsequent interviews were undertaken after notice of failure to comply with the guidelines and they did so voluntarily (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010).Benefits of participation were not addressed by the researchers. Data Collection Major variables for this study were identified. The independent variable identified by the researchers is the nursing staff with the dependent variable being data collected from the interviews. Data was collected for this study during a 12 month time period, from June 2007 to May 2008. Data collection was divided into six observation trial periods that included June, September, and November of 2007 and January, March, and May of 2008. Nursing staff from ten departments were observed for research.Those departments included four surgery units, four internal medicine units, and two interdisciplinary intensive c are units. Data was collected by observations and interviews. A researcher observed nurses for hand disinfection, when a nurse failed to do so the researcher introduced themself to the nurse and immediately initiated a narrative interview (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Rationale for using the previously described collection methods was so the study could employ the Hawthorne effect. (Stroebe, 2003).The Hawthorne effect exercises influence on the nurse through teaching that is intended to motivate behavioral change (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Data Management and Analysis There was no information provided by the researchers about data management. A descriptive design and trend analysis was used to determine problems with current practice of the nurses interviewed. Data analysis was done through categorization of summarized core statement. Seven categories with subsequent causes were developed as well as a structured definition of those categories.T he rigor process was not addressed by the researchers. To minimize the effect of researcher bias the interviews were consistently conducted by the same interviewer in a controlled environment (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). Findings / Interpretation of Findings The findings from the research are valid and have an accurate reflection of reality. Confidence in the findings is positive because it addressed the purpose of the study. Nursing staff illness, absence, vacation, and difference in full or part time employment were not taken into account and make up the limitations of the study.The study used coherent logic as was evidenced by categorization of data, tables, and section titles. The study findings can be applied to all aspects of nursing practice in all areas. One question that emerged that requires further study is how such an imbalance could arise between the scope of every day nursing duties and the time available to perform them (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Bo rneff-Lipp, 2010). References Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2011). Understanding nursing research. Maryland Heights: W.B. Saunders. Cambridge University. (2005). Good research practice. http://tinyurl. com/3yhf8py Knoll, M. , Lautenschlaeger, C. , & Borneff-Lipp, M. (2010). The impact of workload on hygiene compliance in nursing. British Journal of Nursing, 19(16), S18-S22. Retrieved on March 24, 2013 from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=0e6f5b68-9e35-492d-9fae-b57d46b48458%40sessionmgr112&vid=7&hid=6 Stroebe, W. (2003). Sozialpsychologie. 4th Ed. Heidelberg, Berlin.